For clay and shale the average background content
of As is normally 10 mg/kg. Examined samples from
the Bornholm Basin, based also on the data shown by
Emelyanov and Kravtsov (2007), contain from 1 to
277 mg/kg As (see Tables 2, 3). The highest As value
(277 mg/kg) was found in the mud from “hot spot” of
the P-181 area in the Bornholm Basin, located about
500 m to the south from W.3 shipwreck.
in the Bornholm Basin but also in many other Baltic
Sea basins. In the Bornholm Basin this mud contains
up to 7.87% Corg, 7.08% Fe, 0.86% Mn (Table 2). Two
mud samples taken near the shipwreck (stations 26S
and 47) contained 17.7 and 41.5% Fe respectively
(Table 3). Apparently these sediments might have
some metal scrap corrosion products. Ignoring these
outliers, Fe concentration varies in a much narrower
range–between 0.05-7.08%.
Material underlying this article is based on samples
of bottom sediments taken from the Bornholm
CW dumpsite during implementation of MERCW
Project: explorations on R/Vs Professor Shtokman
and Centaurus in 2006 and 2007 and on the chartered
German vessel Fritz Reuter in 2008. Sampling stations
in the Bornholm Deep were chosen on the basis of
earlier data about arsenic distribution and location
of the shipwrecks that had been obtained during
1997–2005 and subsequently studied in AB IO RAS
(Paka 2004; Emelyanov, Kravtsov 2007). 178 samples
of sediments from the Bornholm Basin were subject to
chemical analysis in AB IO RAS (Emelyanov 2007;
Emelyanov, Kravtsov 2007). This included grain
size analysis of sediments and determination of the
following 18 elements contained in the sediments:
Corg, Ntotal, Ptotal, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cu, Zn, Co,
Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, As. The central part of the CW dumps
site (encircled area at Fig. 1) was further referred to
as “hot spot”.
The Bornholm Basin with water depth of about 100
m is located east of the island of Bornholm, in the
south–western Baltic Sea. It has its boundaries at
50030’–55045’N and 14030’–16030’E. The basin is
assumed to be bordered by 50 m isobaths (Fig.1) thus
covering the area of 14 000 sq. km. It is surrounded
by shallow bottom areas with depth ranging between
25 and 30 m. Saline and dense waters occasionally
penetrating to the Baltic from the North Sea, find
their way from the Danish passages first to the Arkona
Basin with depth of about 46 metres, then entering the
Bornholm Basin through the Bornholm Gat channel.
The Słupsk Trench is another considerably deep basin
to the east of the Bornholm Basin, separated from the
latter by a moraine ridge, thus forming Słupsk Sill with
its ridge coming at the depth of 56 m.
BALTICA Volume 23 Number 2 December 2010
Emelyanov, E. M., Kravtsov, V. A., Savin, Y. I., Paka, V. T., Khalikov, I. S., 2010. Influence of chemical weapons and warfare agents on the metal contents in sediments in the Bornholm Basin, the Baltic Sea. Baltica, 23 (2), 77-90. Vilnius.
Wien (OTS) - Zum überwältigenden Teil bekam der Wiener Biologe und grüne Bezirksrat Dr. Erich Eder in einem Prozess Recht, den die Tiroler Vertriebsfirma der so genannten GRANDER(R)-Produkte, U.V.O., gegen ihn angestrengt hatte. Der Berufung der Granderwasser-Vertriebsfirma wurde vom Oberlandesgericht Wien in der Hauptsache nicht Folge gegeben, Eders Berufung hatte teilweise Erfolg.
Bereits seit Jahren wissen Wissenschaftler und Konsumentenschützer von der Wirkungslosigkeit der Grander-Geräte: "Es ist mir ein Rätsel, dass diese Geräte in Österreich noch immer vertrieben werden dürfen. Sie sind offensichtlich wirkungslos", so Eder, der unter anderem Autor und Gutachter für die renommierte wissenschaftliche Fachzeitschrift "Hydrobiologia" ist und im Vorjahr mit dem Wissenschafts-Förderungspreis der Stadt Wien ausgezeichnet wurde.
Studien über die Eigenschaften homöopathischer Lösungen haben eine Eigenart.
In der homöopathischen Lösung ist der Effekt nicht nur von der wässrigen Substanz und der Potenzierung beeinflusst, sondern auch von einer dritten Besonderheit, über die die Forscher nicht berichten. Die Lösung selbst wird potenziert in einem elektromagnetischen Gerät und elektromagnetische Felder indizieren an das Gerät einen Einfluss auf die Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen den Wassermolekülen. Dies bedeutet, dass diese Methode zur Bereitung von homöopathischen Lösungen nicht den fundamentalen Aussagen über die “informativen” Eigenschaften von Wasser dienen kann.
1. Actuality of the work proposed.
1.1. Deuterium (2H), the hydrogen isotope with mass 2, was discovered by Urey. In the years immediately following this discovery, there developed a keen interest in a biological enrichment of a cell with 2H, which resulted in a miscellany of rather confusing data (Katz J., Crespy H. L. 1972). The main conclusion that can be derived from the most competent and comprehensive of the early studies is that high concentrations of 2H2O are incompatible with life and reproduction. Nevertheless, a many cells could be quite well adapted to 2H2O, so that a discussion about the role of macromolecules in biolodical adaptation to 2H2O is still actual through more than four decades of years after the first description of the biological consequences of hydrogen replacement by deuterium.
First, in frames of the biological research with deuterium the studies of incorporation of deuterium into the macromolecules are necessary. A biosynthetic introduction of deuterium in conjunction with mass spectrometry EIMS [1], FAB [2], and NMR [3] technigue has been used to study biological convertion of low molecular weight substrates ([U-2H]MetOH and 2H2O) to the amino acids, proteins and nucleotides by various strains of microbial and algae origin (green microalgae; Chlorella sp. and Dunaliella salina Teod., blue green algae Spirulina sp., halophilic bacterium Halobacterium halobium [4], methylotrophic bacteria; Methylobacillus flagellatum and Brevibacterium methylicum [5], bacills; Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amiloliqufanciens [6] (Mosin O. V., Karnaukhova E. N., et all., 1993; Mosin O. V., Skladnev D. A., et all., 1996a). The influence of 2H2O and other [U -2H]labeled substrates (e.g. [U-2H]MeOH) on several growth characteristics of the microorganisms (time of generation, lag-phase, yield of biomass) and biosynthetic activity was also investigated in those studies.
Campbell I. D., and Dwek. Biological Spectroscopy. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif. 1990.
Covington A. K., Robinson R. A., and Bates R. G. // J. Phys. Chem. 1966. V. 70. P. 3820.
Еgorova T. A., Mosin O. V., Shvets V. I., et al. // Biotechnologija. 1993. ¹.8. P. 21-25.
Fesic S. W. and Zuiderweg E. R. // Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. - 1990. - V.23. - N.2. - P. 97-131.
Johnson W. C. Protein secondary structure and circular dichroism: A practical guide. Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 1990. 7:205-214.
The successful adaptation of organisms to high concentration of 2H2O will open a new avenues of investigation with using [U2H]labeled macromolecules could be isolated from these organisms. For example, fully deuterated essential macromolecules as proteins and nucleic acids will give promise of important biological, medical and diagnostical uses. Modern physical methods of study the structure of [U2H]labeled macromolecules, particularly three-dimentional NMR in a combination with crystallography methods, X-ray diffraction, IR-, and CDspectroscopy should cast new light on many obscure problems concerning with the biological introduction of deuterium into molecules of DNA and proteins as well as the structure and the function of macromolecules in the presence of 2H2O. The variety of these and other aspects of biophysical properties of fully deuterated macromolecules in the presence of 2H2O remain an interesting task for the future.
3.1. The methods for analyzing the structure and the conformation of [U -2H]labeled macromolecules. The biological labelling with deuterium is an useful tool for investigating the structure and the conformational properties of macromolecules. The fundamental objectives have meant that living models have retained their importance for functional studies of such biological important macromolecules and can be used to obtain structural and dynamic information about the [U -2H]labeled macromolecules.
A special attention will be given to the investigation of biological adaptation to 2H2O allowing cells to synthesize a deuterated forms of macromolecules (particulary interest have DNA and short-chain individual proteins both with well known amino acid sequence and conformation) with a certain structure allowing their functioning in 2H2O environment.
Firstly, in this connection it would be very interesting to know, how the structure of fully deuterated macromolecules could be changed neganively or positively in a course of biological adaptation to 2H2O requiring the presence of high concentrations of 2H2O in growth media.
The role of deuterium in molecular evolution is most interesting question of nowdays science comprises two points mainly: the evolution of deuterium itself as well as the chemical processes going with participation of deuterium. It is believed the big bang produce the universe that was much denser and hotter than it is now and made almost entirely of two main elements - hydrogen and helium. Deuterium itself was made only at a second stage of the beginning of the universe, namely through the collision of one neutron with one proton at a temperature of about one billion degrees; furthemore the two formed deuterons in turn stuck together into helium nuclei, which contain two protons and two neutrons. It is considered, that during the formation of helium nuclei, almost all the deuterons combined to form helium nuclei, leaving a tiny remant to be detected today so that only one in 10.000 deuterons remained unpaired. Thus, deuterium serves as a particularly important marker. The quantity of deuterium in contemporary nature is approximately small and measured as no more than 0.015% (from the whole number of hydrogen atoms) and depends strongly on both the uniformity of substance and the total amount of matter formed in course of early evolution.
Scientific interests:
Application of various microbial objects for the preparation of cell compounds including proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleosides labeled with stable isotopes 2H, 13C, 15N;
Metabolism of stable isotopes;
Biological adaptation to heavy water and effects of heavy water on living objects;
Adaptation to heavy water;
Molecular evolution.
Oleg Mosin, Doctor in Chemistry 
The Kirlian effect in which a Kirlian aura is observed is called the plasma emission of light of the electric discharge. Kirlian effect is color coronal discharge in gas. The discharge is on the surface of the objects located in an alternating electric field with high frequency from 10 to 100 kilohertz. There occurs a surface interaction of 5 to 30 kW between the electrode and the object under research.
The Kirlian effect is observed like lightning
Summary
The biosynthesis of 2H-labeled phenylalanine was done by converse of low molecular weight substrates ([U2H]methanol and 2H2O) in a new RuMP facultative methylotrophic mutant Brevibacterium methylicum. To make the process work, adapted cells with improved growth characteristics were used on minimal medium M9 with the maximum content of 2H-labeled substrates. Alanine, valine, and leucine/isoleucine were produced and accumulated exogeneously in addition to the main product of biosynthesis. Electron impact mass spectrometry of methyl esters of the N-Dns-amino acid mixture obtained after the chemical derivatization of growth medium with dansyl chloride and diazomethane, was done to calculate the deuterium enrichment of the amino acids synthesized. The experimental data testified to the character of labeling of amino acid molecules as heterogeneous; however, high levels of deuterium enrichment were detected in all presented molecules - for phenylalanine the enrichment was six, leucine/isoleucine - 5.1, valine - 4.7, and alanine - 3.1 deuterium atoms.
